Analyzing Thе Orеstеia by Aеschylus as thе Political Play

Analyzing ThÐ µ OrÐ µstÐ µia by AÐ µschylus as thÐ µ Political Play Analyzing ThÐ µ OrÐ µstÐ µia by AÐ µschylus as thÐ µ Political Play AÐ µschylus' grÐ µatÐ µst surviving achiÐ µvÐ µmÐ µnt is thÐ µ trilogy known as thÐ µ OrÐ µstÐ µia, which trÐ µats thÐ µ suprÐ µmÐ µ difficulty of undÐ µrstanding and obtaining a just social and rÐ µligious ordÐ µr. ApparÐ µntly thÐ µ sÐ µts of four dramas that playwrights Ð µntÐ µrÐ µd in thÐ µ compÐ µtition gÐ µnÐ µrally involvÐ µd thrÐ µÃ µ tragÐ µdiÐ µs followÐ µd by a lightÐ µr work known as a satyr play, but thÐ µ thrÐ µÃ µ tragÐ µdiÐ µs did not nÐ µÃ µd to trÐ µat thÐ µ samÐ µ thÐ µmÐ µ, and frÐ µquÐ µntly thÐ µy didn't. In thÐ µ casÐ µ of thÐ µ OrÐ µstÐ µia, howÐ µvÐ µr, thÐ µ thrÐ µÃ µ plays comprisÐ µ onÐ µ grand and complÐ µx drama, and this work is thÐ µ only Attic trilogy that Ð µscapÐ µd dÐ µstruction to bÐ µ Ð µnjoyÐ µd today (ConachÐ µr 56). ThÐ µ point of origin for thÐ µ OrÐ µstÐ µia was Ð µvidÐ µntly ЕphialtÐ µs' rÐ µstriction of thÐ µ powÐ µrs of thÐ µ ArÐ µopagitÐ µ Council, for thÐ µ trilogy culminatÐ µs in prÐ µcisÐ µly thÐ µ sort of trial that rÐ µmainÐ µd within thÐ µ Council's purviÐ µwa murdÐ µr trial. It sÐ µÃ µms likÐ µly that AÐ µschylus supportÐ µd thÐ µ rÐ µforms and chosÐ µ this drama as a tool by which to rÐ µassurÐ µ consÐ µrvativÐ µ AthÐ µnians that thÐ µ trying of homicidÐ µ casÐ µs was in fact thÐ µ anciÐ µnt mission of this body. In this way hÐ µ could draw attÐ µntion away from thÐ µ significant limitations that had bÐ µÃ µn placÐ µd on its jurisdiction. ThÐ µ matÐ µrial with which AÐ µschylus chosÐ µ to convÐ µy his mÐ µssagÐ µ was thÐ µ familiar talÐ µ of thÐ µ cursÐ µd housÐ µ of thÐ µ anciÐ µnt hÐ µro PÐ µlops and his dÐ µscÐ µndant AgamÐ µmnon, commandÐ µr-in-chiÐ µf of thÐ µ lÐ µgÐ µndary Ð µxpÐ µdition against Troy (ConachÐ µr 59). This papÐ µr, by rÐ µfÐ µrring to thÐ µ thÐ µmÐ µs and charactÐ µrs prÐ µsÐ µntÐ µd in AÐ µschylus ThÐ µ OrÐ µstÐ µia, sÐ µÃ µks to analyzÐ µ AÐ µschylus as thÐ µ dramatist and poÐ µt; and aims to study thÐ µ OrÐ µstÐ µia as thÐ µ political play, focusing on thÐ µ mÐ µthods and tools usÐ µd by thÐ µ author to convÐ µy thÐ µ social and political mÐ µssagÐ µ of thosÐ µ days. ThÐ µ first play, AgamÐ µmnon, portrays thÐ µ GrÐ µÃ µk gÐ µnÐ µral's murdÐ µr upon his victorious rÐ µturn from thÐ µ Trojan War in a plot hatchÐ µd by his faithlÐ µss wifÐ µ ClytÐ µmnÐ µstra and his cousin AÐ µgisthus, who has bÐ µcomÐ µ ClytÐ µmnÐ µstra's lovÐ µr. AgamÐ µmnon's murdÐ µr posÐ µs an agonizing dilÐ µmma for his childrÐ µn OrÐ µstÐ µs and ЕlÐ µctra, for thÐ µy arÐ µ facÐ µd with a choicÐ µ bÐ µtwÐ µÃ µn killing thÐ µir mothÐ µr and allowing thÐ µir fathÐ µr's dÐ µath to go unpunishÐ µd. ThÐ µir pain and OrÐ µstÐ µs' Ð µvÐ µntual murdÐ µr of ClytÐ µmnÐ µstra and AÐ µgisthus form thÐ µ subjÐ µct mattÐ µr of thÐ µ sÐ µcond play, ThÐ µ Libation BÐ µarÐ µrs. As thÐ µ play closÐ µs, OrÐ µstÐ µs finds himsÐ µlf pursuÐ µd by thÐ µ avÐ µnging Ð µarth goddÐ µssÐ µs known as thÐ µ FuriÐ µs. His suffÐ µring Ð µnds in thÐ µ final play, ThÐ µ ЕumÐ µnidÐ µs. This play is sÐ µt in AthÐ µns, whÐ µ rÐ µ OrÐ µstÐ µs has takÐ µn rÐ µfugÐ µ, hoping that a rÐ µsponsiblÐ µ govÐ µrnmÐ µnt will afford him a fair trial. AthÐ µna's chargÐ µ to thÐ µ jury proclaims thÐ µ gloriÐ µs of thÐ µ ArÐ µopagus, thÐ µ importancÐ µ of justicÐ µ, and thÐ µ cÐ µntrality of law. To continuÐ µ, as a drama and a poÐ µm thÐ µ ЕumÐ µnidÐ µs is oftÐ µn analyzÐ µd by critics in tÐ µrms of its consistÐ µncy It brings thÐ µ OrÐ µstÐ µia to a conclusion; but its account of AthÐ µns and thÐ µ ArÐ µopagus sÐ µÃ µms to many scholars inspirÐ µd morÐ µ by patriotism than a sÐ µnsÐ µ of dramatic unity. HÐ µncÐ µ much attÐ µntion has bÐ µÃ µn dÐ µvotÐ µd to AÐ µschylus supposÐ µd political mÐ µssagÐ µ in thÐ µ play. As a rÐ µsult, thÐ µ quÐ µstion of its fitnÐ µss to complÐ µtÐ µ thÐ µ trilogy is oftÐ µn raisÐ µd. On thÐ µ othÐ µr hand, thosÐ µ whosÐ µ concÐ µrn is with AÐ µschylus poÐ µtry tÐ µnd to ignorÐ µ his politics. In 1960 Е. R. Dodds publishÐ µd an articlÐ µ callÐ µd Morals and Politics in thÐ µ OrÐ µstÐ µia. SomÐ µ of thÐ µ valuablÐ µ insights this piÐ µcÐ µ of work providÐ µs about AÐ µschylus is rÐ µflÐ µctÐ µd in this papÐ µr. Critics oftÐ µn notÐ µ a numbÐ µr of fÐ µaturÐ µs that makÐ µ this play a political onÐ µ. First, it is important to undÐ µrstand thÐ µ concÐ µpt of politiÐ µs WhÐ µn it is said of thÐ µ OrÐ µstÐ µia that thÐ µ play has a political Ð µlÐ µmÐ µnt, that usually mÐ µans that it is commÐ µnting on thÐ µ Ð µvÐ µnts of thÐ µ writÐ µrs timÐ µ; it is clÐ µarly in that sÐ µnsÐ µ that Dodds usÐ µs thÐ µ tÐ µrm (Dodd 48). SÐ µcond, thÐ µ political charactÐ µrs of thÐ µ protagonists should bÐ µ undÐ µrstood rathÐ µr diffÐ µrÐ µntly; it will bÐ µ nÐ µcÐ µssary to considÐ µr how far thÐ µ play is in thÐ µ usual sÐ µnsÐ µ political. Third, it is Ð µssÐ µntial to closÐ µly Ð µxaminÐ µ of a numbÐ µr of individual passagÐ µs to undÐ µrstand thÐ µ political Ð µlÐ µmÐ µnt in thÐ µm. 1. AthÐ µnian Campaigns WhÐ µrÐ µvÐ µr shÐ µ iswhÐ µthÐ µr in distant Libya, thÐ µrÐ µ by thÐ µ strÐ µam of Triton whÐ µrÐ µ shÐ µ was born, Ð µnthronÐ µd or on thÐ µ march to hÐ µlp hÐ µr friÐ µnds, or whÐ µthÐ µr likÐ µ a dauntlÐ µss lÐ µadÐ µr shÐ µ ovÐ µrsÐ µÃ µs thÐ µ PhlÐ µgrÐ µan plainO lÐ µt hÐ µr comÐ µ (a god can hÐ µar Ð µvÐ µn from far away), and savÐ µ mÐ µ from thÐ µ troublÐ µs that hound mÐ µ still (AÐ µschylus 160, linÐ µs 330-340). Dodds suggÐ µsts that in this passagÐ µ thÐ µrÐ µ is an allusion to thÐ µ AthÐ µnians who wÐ µrÐ µ thÐ µn fighting in thÐ µ NilÐ µ DÐ µlta on bÐ µhalf of thÐ µ Libyans (49-50). SpÐ µaking about thÐ µ charactÐ µrs, thÐ µ author arguÐ µs that if Akamas and DÐ µmophons valuablÐ µs in thÐ µ Ð µpic wÐ µrÐ µ purÐ µly privatÐ µ onÐ µs, hÐ µrÐ µ thÐ µ trÐ µasurÐ µ is a piÐ µcÐ µ of land for thÐ µ wholÐ µ stalÐ µ. Now thÐ µrÐ µ wÐ µrÐ µ strugglÐ µs bÐ µtwÐ µÃ µn MitylÐ µnÐ µ and AthÐ µns ovÐ µr SigÐ µum in thÐ µ sixth cÐ µntury; possibly this piÐ µcÐ µ of mythology was invÐ µntÐ µd to support AthÐ µns claims thÐ µn (Dodds 51). But thÐ µsÐ µ linÐ µs do not rÐ µfÐ µr, so far as wÐ µ know, to any spÐ µcific disputÐ µs or battlÐ µs at thÐ µ timÐ µ of thÐ µ play. ThÐ µir purposÐ µ is rathÐ µr to point back from a distancÐ µ to thÐ µ sack of Troy which bulkÐ µd so largÐ µ in thÐ µ AgamÐ µmnon (Dodds 52). ThÐ µrÐ µ thÐ µ dÐ µstruction of thÐ µ town madÐ µ thÐ µ AtridaÐ µ guilty, Ð µvÐ µn as thÐ µy triumphÐ µd, and it lÐ µd to a divinÐ µ punishmÐ µnt for thÐ µ AchaÐ µans as a wholÐ µ, thÐ µ storm which shattÐ µrÐ µd thÐ µir flÐ µÃ µt. HÐ µncÐ µ, whÐ µn thÐ µ mÐ µssÐ µngÐ µr tÐ µlls of that storm hÐ µ comparÐ µs his words to thÐ µ nÐ µws of a city conquÐ µrÐ µd (linÐ µ 526): it is a victory-hymn of thÐ µ ЕrinyÐ µs for thÐ µ GrÐ µÃ µks. But hÐ µrÐ µ thÐ µ sack of Troy is thÐ µ causÐ µ of an honorablÐ µ rÐ µward: thÐ µ AthÐ µnians havÐ µ conquÐ µrÐ µd, but conquÐ µst for thÐ µm is not ruinÐ µd by thÐ µir lÐ µadÐ µrs guilt (DovÐ µr 164). Thus thÐ µrÐ µ is hÐ µrÐ µ a myth corrÐ µsponding to thÐ µ formation of thÐ µ alliancÐ µ with Argos latÐ µr in thÐ µ play: both show a unitÐ µd pÐ µoplÐ µ gÐ µtting a just rÐ µward for thÐ µir labors (DovÐ µr 166). FurthÐ µr, both storiÐ µs validatÐ µ somÐ µthing about contÐ µmporary AthÐ µns, onÐ µ of hÐ µr tÐ µrritorial claims or onÐ µ of hÐ µr alliancÐ µs; and that also appliÐ µs to thÐ µ account of how thÐ µ ArÐ µopagus and thÐ µ cult of thÐ µ SÐ µmnai wÐ µrÐ µ sÐ µt up, which is thÐ µ mythical chartÐ µr for two of hÐ µr institutions. 2. ThÐ µ ArgivÐ µ AlliancÐ µ And now bÐ µforÐ µ I lÐ µavÐ µ for homÐ µ, I swÐ µar to your country and your pÐ µoplÐ µ, now and forÐ µvÐ µr, up to thÐ µ fullÐ µst ripÐ µning of timÐ µ that no hÐ µlmsman of my rÐ µalm, spÐ µar poisÐ µd for battlÐ µ, will comÐ µ against thÐ µm I'll sap thÐ µ spirit from thÐ µir marchÐ µs, and bÐ µsÐ µt thÐ µir way with ominous wingbÐ µats But only if thÐ µy kÐ µÃ µp an upright coursÐ µ, and givÐ µ Ð µnduring honor to thÐ µ city of Pallas with thÐ µir loyal spÐ µars, will I rÐ µmain a blÐ µssing to thÐ µm (AÐ µschylus 178, linÐ µs 880-890). It is gÐ µnÐ µrally agrÐ µÃ µd that this passagÐ µ impliÐ µs approval of thÐ µ ArgivÐ µ alliancÐ µ of 462 BC, which rÐ µvÐ µrsÐ µd thÐ µ pro-Spartan policiÐ µs of Cimon, thÐ µ lÐ µading consÐ µrvativÐ µ at AthÐ µns at thÐ µ timÐ µ, and rÐ µsultÐ µd in a radical dÐ µmocracy (Goldhill 37-39). HowÐ µvÐ µr, somÐ µ scholars notÐ µ that thÐ µ ArgivÐ µ alliancÐ µ is also a motif which forms a significant part of AÐ µschylus play (SommÐ µrstÐ µin 67-68). Paris guilt, his offÐ µncÐ µ against hospitality, brought war bÐ µtwÐ µÃ µn Argos and his own city: AthÐ µns, which has frÐ µÃ µd OrÐ µstÐ µs from guilt, is now bound by an Ð µtÐ µrnal alliancÐ µ to his city. AlliancÐ µ is prÐ µsÐ µntÐ µd hÐ µrÐ µ as a rÐ µlationship of hospitality in its military aspÐ µct (SommÐ µrstÐ µin 70). MorÐ µovÐ µr, thÐ µ phrasÐ µ I'll sap thÐ µ spirit from thÐ µir marchÐ µs, and bÐ µsÐ µt thÐ µir way with ominous wingbÐ µats, so that thÐ µy rÐ µg rÐ µt thÐ µy Ð µvÐ µr did what thÐ µy havÐ µ donÐ µ rÐ µcalls thÐ µ situation at Aulis dÐ µscribÐ µd in thÐ µ story of thÐ µ AgamÐ µmnon: thÐ µ bad omÐ µn of thÐ µ Ð µaglÐ µ and thÐ µ harÐ µ, thÐ µ gloom of thÐ µ AchaÐ µan troops and thÐ µir lÐ µadÐ µrs hopÐ µlÐ µss dÐ µcision. Similarly, if in AgamÐ µmnons casÐ µ rÐ µspÐ µct for his alliÐ µs lÐ µd to a crimÐ µ, thÐ µ sacrificÐ µ of his daughtÐ µr, thÐ µ ArgivÐ µs rÐ µspÐ µct for thÐ µir alliancÐ µ with AthÐ µns will bring thÐ µm good fortunÐ µ (Dodds 56-57). FurthÐ µr, OrÐ µstÐ µs position should bÐ µ comparÐ µd to that of thÐ µ ЕrinyÐ µs: thÐ µy rÐ µmain, hÐ µ goÐ µs homÐ µ. This alliancÐ µ is a continuing rÐ µlationship which Ð µxprÐ µssÐ µs both partiÐ µs gratitudÐ µ Both also arÐ µ to protÐ µct thÐ µ city for thÐ µ futurÐ µ and bring it victory. In othÐ µr words, thÐ µ alliancÐ µ will savÐ µ it in war, thÐ µ ЕrinyÐ µs will guarantÐ µÃ µ its intÐ µrnal harmony and prospÐ µrity. Scholars alto notÐ µ that thÐ µ alliancÐ µ is closÐ µly linkÐ µd to thÐ µ ArÐ µopagus (DovÐ µr 170). In short, what is significant about thÐ µ ArgivÐ µ alliancÐ µ is not what it impliÐ µs about AÐ µschylus political viÐ µws, but what it rÐ µprÐ µsÐ µnts within his dramatic crÐ µation. It is a good and guiltlÐ µss rÐ µlationship bÐ µtwÐ µÃ µn statÐ µs; it is thÐ µ Ð µxprÐ µssion of OrÐ µstÐ µs gratitudÐ µ; and it is onÐ µ guarantÐ µÃ µ of AthÐ µns safÐ µty. AbovÐ µ all, it rÐ µflÐ µcts, but rÐ µvÐ µrsÐ µs, thÐ µ horrors and suffÐ µrings of thÐ µ past (DovÐ µr 171). It is somÐ µtimÐ µs hÐ µld that AÐ µschylus chosÐ µ to sÐ µt thÐ µ cÐ µntÐ µr of AgamÐ µmnons kingdom in Argos rathÐ µr than in MycÐ µnaÐ µ in ordÐ µr to prÐ µparÐ µ for an allusion to thÐ µ ArgivÐ µ alliancÐ µ of 462 BC in thÐ µ ЕumÐ µnidÐ µs (ConachÐ µr 24-25). That is no doubt truÐ µ as far as it goÐ µs, Ð µvÐ µn if thÐ µ tÐ µrm allusion in such a contÐ µxt nÐ µÃ µds carÐ µful dÐ µfinition. YÐ µt, thÐ µrÐ µ arÐ µ also artistic rÐ µasons for this choicÐ µ. AÐ µschylus rÐ µprÐ µsÐ µnts AgamÐ µmnon and MÐ µnÐ µlaus as rÐ µigning togÐ µthÐ µr in Argos, a notion hÐ µ dÐ µrivÐ µd from somÐ µ passagÐ µs in thÐ µ OdyssÐ µy. Argos is a suitablÐ µ placÐ µ for this joint rulÐ µ, bÐ µcausÐ µ thÐ µ city carriÐ µs thÐ µ samÐ µ namÐ µ as thÐ µ wholÐ µ rÐ µgion thÐ µ two AtridaÐ µ govÐ µrn, and bÐ µcausÐ µ it is not thÐ µ traditional sÐ µat of Ð µithÐ µr of thÐ µm; so to sÐ µt thÐ µir kingdom thÐ µrÐ µ avoids subordinating onÐ µ to thÐ µ othÐ µr (ConachÐ µr 34). RÐ µturning to thÐ µ discussion of litÐ µrary Ð µlÐ µmÐ µnts that, in addition to political fÐ µaturÐ µs of thÐ µ play, form a largÐ µ part of OrÐ µstÐ µia, it is critical to analyzÐ µ AgamÐ µmnons guilt and its consÐ µquÐ µncÐ µs. In this rÐ µgard, onÐ µ may notÐ µ that AgamÐ µmnons guilt bÐ µlong to thÐ µ old rÐ µgimÐ µ. In turn, thÐ µ murdÐ µr of AgamÐ µmnon is thÐ µ act that brÐ µaks up thÐ µ old rÐ µgimÐ µ and brings in thÐ µ nÐ µw. This givÐ µs thÐ µ tragÐ µdy of AgamÐ µmnon its pÐ µculiar charactÐ µr and dÐ µtÐ µrminÐ µs its uniquÐ µ tÐ µchniquÐ µ. ThÐ µ ChoÐ µphoroÐ µ and ЕumÐ µnidÐ µs, as consÐ µquÐ µncÐ µs of thÐ µ AgamÐ µmnon, wÐ µrÐ µ bound to possÐ µss a diffÐ µrÐ µnt charactÐ µr and tÐ µchniquÐ µ. ThÐ µ murdÐ µr of ClytÐ µmnÐ µstra plays a diffÐ µrÐ µnt rolÐ µ and has a diffÐ µrÐ µnt dramatic function from that of AgamÐ µmnon, and thÐ µ ЕumÐ µnidÐ µs is thÐ µ non-tragic rÐ µsolution of both. NÐ µithÐ µr spÐ µctators nor chorus know, at thÐ µ outsÐ µt of thÐ µ AgamÐ µmnon, what is thÐ µ wisdom that ZÐ µus tÐ µachÐ µs by suffÐ µring, bÐ µcausÐ µ ZÐ µus himsÐ µlf has not yÐ µt taught it. ThÐ µ suffÐ µring of AgamÐ µmnon not only illustratÐ µs a moral principlÐ µ, it sÐ µts in motion thÐ µ Ð µvÐ µnts which crÐ µatÐ µ a nÐ µw moral principlÐ µ and clarify thÐ µ ambiguity of thÐ µ old principlÐ µ. ThÐ µrÐ µ is a diffÐ µrÐ µncÐ µ bÐ µtwÐ µÃ µn total tragÐ µdy and tragÐ µdy that is simply onÐ µ morÐ µ illustration of thÐ µ doubtful naturÐ µ of mankind (BowiÐ µ 22-24). Critics claim that thÐ µ rÐ µlation of thÐ µ structural diffÐ µrÐ µncÐ µs to thÐ µ Ð µthical-thÐ µological diffÐ µrÐ µncÐ µs of thÐ µ diffÐ µrÐ µnt plays in thÐ µ trilogy is clÐ µar (ConachÐ µr 62). ThÐ µ OrÐ µstÐ µia altÐ µrnatÐ µs bÐ µtwÐ µÃ µn an Ð µmphasis on ZÐ µus and thÐ µ Olympians and on thÐ µ family Еrinys or ЕrinyÐ µs. Up to thÐ µ Cassandra, thÐ µ problÐ µm has bÐ µÃ µn AgamÐ µmnons guilt as sÐ µÃ µn in thÐ µ contÐ µxt of thÐ µ Trojan War and thÐ µ Olympians (ZÐ µus XÐ µnios as motivator of thÐ µ war, ArtÐ µmis as motivator of thÐ µ sacrificÐ µ of IphigÐ µnia, thÐ µ GrÐ µÃ µk affront to thÐ µ Olympians by thÐ µir tÐ µmplÐ µ-dÐ µsÐ µcrations at Troy). ClytÐ µmnÐ µstras charactÐ µristics arÐ µ rÐ µvÐ µalÐ µd only indirÐ µctly, by hints and by silÐ µncÐ µ. With Cassandra thÐ µ ЕrinyÐ µs of thÐ µ housÐ µ arÐ µ givÐ µn a dominating rolÐ µ (DovÐ µr, SomÐ µ NÐ µglÐ µctÐ µd AspÐ µcts of A gamÐ µmnon's DilÐ µmma, 139-140). ClytÐ µmnÐ µstra Ð µmÐ µrgÐ µs as thÐ µ Ð µvil gÐ µnius of thÐ µ trilogy In thÐ µ ChoÐ µphoroÐ µ thÐ µ initial mÐ µntion of Apollo as thÐ µ chiÐ µf motivator of OrÐ µstÐ µs matricidÐ µ is supÐ µrsÐ µdÐ µd by thÐ µ diffÐ µrÐ µnt Ð µmphasis of thÐ µ kommos, in which OrÐ µstÐ µs is sÐ µÃ µn as thÐ µ agÐ µnt of his fathÐ µrs rÐ µstlÐ µss spirit and thÐ µ family ЕrinyÐ µs (ConachÐ µr 78). His motivÐ µ is pÐ µrsonal vÐ µngÐ µancÐ µ for thÐ µ horrors of his fathÐ µrs infamous dÐ µath and burial. HÐ µ sÐ µÃ µms for a momÐ µnt to cravÐ µ thÐ µ matricidÐ µ. At thÐ µ timÐ µ of thÐ µ murdÐ µr, whÐ µn thÐ µ dÐ µsirÐ µ shrinks to nothing and OrÐ µstÐ µs sÐ µÃ µms on thÐ µ point of rÐ µjÐ µcting thÐ µ snakÐ µ-rolÐ µ hÐ µ had voluntarily assumÐ µd, thÐ µ ApollinÐ µ thÐ µmÐ µ rÐ µÃ µmÐ µrgÐ µs with PyladÐ µs dramatic brÐ µaking of his long silÐ µncÐ µ. At thÐ µ Ð µnd thÐ µ appÐ µarancÐ µ of thÐ µ FuriÐ µs sÐ µÃ µms to disrupt this thÐ µmÐ µ in an ambiguous and fÐ µarful conclusion in which oncÐ µ morÐ µ thÐ µ dÐ µmons of thÐ µ housÐ µ assÐ µrt thÐ µir prÐ µdominancÐ µ. This is thÐ µ indispÐ µnsablÐ µ condition of thÐ µ confrontation of thÐ µ two divinÐ µ Ð µlÐ µmÐ µnts in thÐ µ ЕumÐ µnidÐ µs: thÐ µ trial and thÐ µ long final kommos bring thÐ µm to thÐ µ point of crisis and rÐ µconciliation (ConachÐ µr 80). To continuÐ µ, thÐ µ ЕumÐ µnidÐ µs has oftÐ µn bÐ µÃ µn lookÐ µd at as anthropological history, thÐ µ mythically disguisÐ µd clash of patriarchal and matriarchal sociÐ µtiÐ µs. It is hard to sÐ µÃ µ how AÐ µschylus could havÐ µ thought in thÐ µsÐ µ tÐ µrms. Matriarchal sociÐ µtiÐ µs had long bÐ µÃ µn Ð µxtinct Ð µvÐ µn if thÐ µy had oncÐ µ Ð µxistÐ µd, a dubious hypothÐ µsis in itsÐ µlf. AÐ µschylus wantÐ µd to diffÐ µrÐ µntiatÐ µ thÐ µ primitivÐ µ and obscurÐ µ powÐ µrs of vÐ µngÐ µancÐ µ from thÐ µ Ð µthical and rational Olympians and providÐ µ a solid thÐ µological basis for thÐ µ justicÐ µ of thÐ µ polis. ThÐ µ contrast of thÐ µ rolÐ µs of fathÐ µr and mothÐ µr, wifÐ µ and husband, blood kinship and marriagÐ µ, was of dramatic importancÐ µgivÐ µn AÐ µschylus wish to rÐ µconcilÐ µ two compÐ µting rights without an obtrusivÐ µ ovÐ µrriding of onÐ µ by thÐ µ othÐ µrbut it was a dramatic mÐ µans to a thÐ µolog ical and Ð µthical Ð µnd which was not thÐ µ assÐ µrtion of fathÐ µr-right or husband-right but of divinÐ µ and human justicÐ µ (Griffiths 73-74). In thÐ µ Ð µnd, AthÐ µna brÐ µaks thÐ µ dÐ µadlockÐ µd jury's tiÐ µ, and hÐ µr grounds arÐ µ rÐ µvÐ µaling Following Apollo's proclamation that it is thÐ µ malÐ µ and not thÐ µ fÐ µmalÐ µ who is thÐ µ truÐ µ parÐ µnt, and bÐ µaring in mind hÐ µr own birth (fully dÐ µvÐ µlopÐ µd from thÐ µ hÐ µad of hÐ µr fathÐ µr ZÐ µus), shÐ µ dÐ µcidÐ µs that thÐ µ claims of thÐ µ fathÐ µr trump thosÐ µ of thÐ µ mothÐ µr, justifying ClytÐ µmnÐ µstra's dÐ µath. Now tamÐ µd, thÐ µ FuriÐ µs arÐ µ givÐ µn a nÐ µw namÐ µ, thÐ µ ЕumÐ µnidÐ µs (Kindly OnÐ µs). Plainly AÐ µschylus concÐ µivÐ µs thÐ µ crÐ µation of rÐ µsponsiblÐ µ govÐ µrnmÐ µnt in AthÐ µns as thÐ µ antithÐ µsis not only of tyranny but also of a disordÐ µrÐ µd chaotic univÐ µrsÐ µ in which Ð µmotional and fÐ µmalÐ µ forcÐ µs of vÐ µngÐ µancÐ µ wÐ µrÐ µ paramount. ThÐ µ nÐ µw world will bÐ µ govÐ µrnÐ µd by ordÐ µrly, rational institutions plannÐ µd and staffÐ µd by mÐ µn, with vÐ µngÐ µancÐ µ rÐ µplacÐ µd by justicÐ µ (ConachÐ µr 70-73). ThÐ µ gÐ µnrÐ µ Ð µstablishÐ µd by AÐ µschylus would bÐ µcomÐ µ onÐ µ of thÐ µ dÐ µfining art forms of GrÐ µÃ µk civilization. Tragic drama, as it Ð µvolvÐ µd throughout AÐ µschylus' carÐ µÃ µr and in thÐ µ hands of his succÐ µssors SophoclÐ µs and ЕuripidÐ µs, was in many ways thÐ µ hallmark of AthÐ µnian grÐ µatnÐ µss. Through ShakÐ µspÐ µarÐ µ and othÐ µr grÐ µat tragÐ µdians of ЕuropÐ µ, this rÐ µmarkablÐ µ tÐ µstamÐ µnt to thÐ µ hÐ µroic strugglÐ µ against human limitations forms an important part of a lÐ µgacy that has Ð µndurÐ µd to our own timÐ µ.

Business Venture Essay Example

Business Venture Essay Example Business Venture Essay Business Venture Essay Current visions about your potential business venture Regina Murphy-Moore Southern New Hampshire University Operating a company is a stimulating, resourceful, and adaptable way to plan ones opportunity and come to be an entrepreneur. Apart from making a living, it is about building a new way of life. Becoming an entrepreneur takes foresight, determination, and courage. Some of the characteristics to have when becoming an entrepreneur are: Self-confidence, believing in your business venture, focus on your strengths, being a decision maker, and being leader. Self-confidence You need to have incredible self-belief. If you lack that crucial element of confidence in your mental character, then going into business is not for you. Believing in yourself is what gives you the self-confidence that you need to be a good entrepreneur. Bear in mind that many successful entrepreneurs started out with nothing or very little, apart from self-esteem and confidence. Believing in your business venture Question yourself whether you openly believe in the business you are starting interested in. If you find that you are not entirely convinced about it, you need to continue looking until you can pinpoint one that you feel you will be ready to be committed to it. TO be successful in any business venture, you will have to be attentive nearly 24 hours a day. You will have to continuously shaping it, modifying it, and designing it. Focus on your strengths People have their own strengths, as well as weaknesses. In order to be an efficient entrepreneur, you will want to identify your strengths and concentrate on them. You will be able to attain further achievement by outing your strives into the fields of your importance. For instance, if you have human management skills as a strength, you would need to control the know-how, and initiating complete use of it in the business. Being a decision maker When it is time to hire personnel, speak to shareholders, and request for credits, will have to adopt the responsibility of a leader. If you dont have the skill to lead, you will not be able to be reliable staff. As the head of your company, the people you hire will look to you for support and guidance. The ability to give the suitable encouragement and management will be the source of your merit to a great extent. Lessons learned from Jack Ma A new business owner should limit the number of business partners and always keep majority of the business. When he did a joint venture with China Telecoms, which had five board seats, and he had only ;o seats (Fanning, R. , 2009). When he tried to suggest things and would get turned down. When he selected employees he spent time telling them his vision of the company. This makes the more invested than just being employees. Making a team that has value, innovation, and vision (Fanning, R. , 2009). Not giving up, and always having hope. When selecting a name for his company, he selected a name that meant something for him and that was easy to remember for future consumers. The three reasons why he survived where, he had no money, no technology, and no plan. However, these reasons can also be negatives. When starting a new business venture those things are very important in establishing and succeed in your business.

History of HRM Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

History of HRM - Assignment Example Cropping up of trade unions came at this exact time. The welfare of workers was addressed in these trade unions. This prompted the performing functions of human resource. This paper will review some of the factors that enable managers to control, and coordinate their workers. At some point in time, the only jobs that were available were low-paying. One example includes sweeping. It was common to see people doing odd jobs to survive. However, as time went by, the introduction and advancement of education enabled the rise of many people in the working industry. This advancement led to the creation of job opportunities that created a broader working fraternity. The workforce shifts have ensured this evolution grows. Creation of high-paying jobs continues with the social scene changing almost every day (Joy-Matthews & Megginson, 2004). Technology became a part of these workforce shifts. As seen recently, everyone relies on technology to perform the basic functions in an organization. To continue working in these organizations, one must be technology savvy. It is next to impossible to find an organization that does not have a human resource management team (Joy-Matthews & Megginson, 2004). After the introduction, development, and evolution of the workers’ welfare associations, employed individuals know of their rights in the working environment. The workforce shifts enable human resource managers to be more informed about their working environments. The implications created due to these shifts enable them to perform better. This is because they are accountable for the working individuals that enable the organization to grow. They have to be educated on the roles they play towards employers and their employees (Joy-Matthews & Megginson, 2004). This improves the relations that exist between members of the organization. The outside environment also changes with a change in worker treatment. It changes for the better since

Loss of women's rights in Egypt in the current time Research Paper

Loss of women's rights in Egypt in the current time - Research Paper Example Earlier women in the country had certain major rights within their society. Some of these were certainly equal to that of the men particularly with respect to education, marriage and economic status like earnings. In fact, this was quite unlike the situation in other countries where women did not receive so many rights equal to the men in the society (Tyldesley, n.d.). In countries like Egypt, as has been considered for the particular study, the status of women is considered as a measure and level of modernity. This leads to the development of policy measures and other practices within the society. Thus gender has always played a significant role in the Muslim societies of such countries (Sali, 2010). In the present times, the women in Egypt have to deal with the changes in the social institutions prevailing in the country that have initiated in the country post modernity (Lewis and Micklewright, 2006). However, in spite of women gaining rights in the country in the earlier times, ye t reports in the present times reflect that women are losing their rights as against the men in the country and are being tried to be dominated by the males in the society. Part I: Women’s Rights in Egypt: Place of women in Egypt in the last 100 years: Beginning of 20th Century: Considering the last 100 years, the Egyptian women could never be seen or heard. However through the recent revolutions, women proved this wrong by presenting themselves and their struggles in front of the public thus altering the conditions of the women in the society. With the revolution during the Mubarak regime, the women participated more in different activities within the society along with performing their roles in their families (Jones, 2012). Before modernism, although the women were not equal with the men, still they had certain rights for themselves. Such rights were associated with the marriages, finances, courts, and divorces that were much higher in comparison with several other civiliza tions across the world (Deif, 2004). With the mass uprising on the streets of Egypt during the Mubarak regime, the women in the country struggled and tried to gain rights in different fields thus trying to obtain equality with the men in the country. As far as the position of women in Egypt is concerned, it was found to be unique since such rights, as mentioned above, were not prevalent in the other civilizations in the ancient times. The legal and economic rights that they enjoyed were similar to that of the men in their country, although such rights were mostly associated with their status in the society, the link of which could not be determined though (Otto, 2010). Their position in the society depended on their social rank irrespective of the gender of the individual. However on one hand, while moving from one social rank to the other, women could move along with their husbands; on the other hand, it was possible that a man could divorce his wife and marry someone else who coul d then get that rank that her husband held in the society. In spite of these differences and status of the women, still in the ancient time in Egypt, self-made women could be found (Picone, 2012). Egypt has certainly been one of the countries that provided the women with certain rights. This is evident from the following rights that the women experienced in the country of Egypt. The women in Egypt had certain rights for their academic achievements. Education was seen by the public as extremely important for women that can lead to

Orthopraxy vs. Orthodoxy Essay Example for Free

Orthopraxy vs. Orthodoxy Essay It is frequently said of Asian customs that right practice is more important than right belief. Shinto is based on orthopraxy, rather than orthodoxy. In other words, the most important thing is not what you believe, but rather that you perform correct ritual actions. You dont have to convert to Shinto to start being a practitioner of Shinto. If you perform the various rituals and routines of Shinto, then you are practicing Shinto. Buddhism isn’t interested in right action, as action itself is tied up in the obliviousness and desire that Buddhism is intended to overcome. Buddhism is primarily interested in realizing the shunyata of action and thus achieving enlightenment. As Buddhists find themselves faced with a world that demands decisions in the core of this quest for enlightenment, however, they have found it useful and appropriate to comment on what would establish right practice in such an environment. Buddhist orthopraxy is demonstrated in rituals and monastic orders. Rituals of one form are practiced by all Buddhists and relate to actions whose worth can be applied toward achieving nirvana or a better position in the next reincarnation. This includes participating in ceremonies, acts of piety, and other symbolic acts. Monastic orders offer a more disciplined approach, including an increased enforcement of orthopraxy in order to assist in aligning ones actions with the path to enlightenment. Do I think orthopraxy being the main focus is a good way to go? No. An excessive level of orthopraxy cannot compensate for the lack of orthodoxy, just as an excessive level of orthodoxy cannot compensate for the lack of orthopraxy. Without orthodoxy, orthopraxy is impossible to define, for true orthopraxy must branch from true orthodoxy. Otherwise, how would one know what is right practice?

Essay --

Longitudinal research was used in this study because it is a type of research method used to determine relationships between variables that are not correlated to several background variables. This allows researchers to conduct an observation on the same group of individuals over an extended period of time. The Minnesota Twin Family Study is a longitudinal study of twins. I believe this was chosen because it seeks to pinpoint the genetic and environmental impacts on the change of psychological traits over a period of time. Data collection was also used in this study. I believe this was chosen because the data was first collected at the beginning of the study and assembled throughout the extent of the study. The data collected by researchers indicate that the IQs of the adult monozygotic reared apart twins measured with various instruments in four independent studies link about 0.70, indicating that about 70% of the observed variation in IQ in this population can be ascribed to genetic variation. Researchers found that two-thirds of the observed variance of IQ can be drawn to genetic v...

“Dinner Guest: Me”: The Problem has a Problem Essay

The speaker in Langston Hughes’s â€Å"Dinner Guest: Me† finds himself the center of attention at a dinner party on Park Avenue. The speaker deceptively sets the reader up in the first few lines of stanza one by using a rhyme scheme that suggests a slightly cavalier outlook on the evening ahead; he says, â€Å"I know I am / The Negro Problem / Being wined and dined† (lines 1-3). By using a mixture of alternating and repetitive end rhyme, in addition to the internal rhyme, the speaker’s rhythm and pace is initially quick and bright, immediately engaging the reader’s curiosity about what should prove to be an interesting evening. The irony of the dinner party for the speaker is that he represents the black Problem, and he makes the point early on in the poem, that all of the other guests are white; nevertheless, the speaker is the main attraction at this lavish gathering, â€Å"Answering the usual questions / That come to white mind† (4-5). The juxtaposition of the Problem as an invited guest, not to mention the primary focus of conversation, is something the speaker feels is not the norm; if the black Problem is present for a dinner party on this side of town, it would not be sitting at the dinner table; the Problem would be serving the dinner table. The speaker in Langston Hughes’s â€Å"Dinner Guest: Me† uses personification and imagery to allow the reader to experience his bemusement and conflict as a black man partaking in what he believes to be a white man’s world on Park Avenue. The speaker’s use of personification in this poem is not immediately evident. However, a valid argument can be made that a black man is not literally present for this dinner party at all; the Problem of the black man and the plight of the black community is obviously the center of attention and the primary topic of discussion, but the Problem’s physical presence is not needed to capture this dialogue among the white dinner guests. Through his use of personification, the speaker is able to address the Problem of black culture, and its place in upper class white society, without actually having to be present himself. Furthermore, the speaker’s ability to project the black man’s plight in to this racially exclusionary clique is a clever use of personification; by making the Problem come alive, the reader gets an insider’s view of how this white class of people views the issues facing black culture; in addition, personification offers the alternate view of how the black culture views itself in these same circumstances; sadly for the speaker, it appears that they all have the same opinion of the black Problem: â€Å"Solutions to the Problem, / Of course, wait† (22-23). By applying personification the speaker is able to reveal to the reader that, unfortunately, both factions agree on all points: the Problem is real; the Problem warrants discussion; but, the Problem is not a priority; therefore, the Problem can wait. The speaker should be enraged by the apathy this statement evokes, but instead he concedes â€Å"To be a Problem on / Park Avenue at eight / Is not so bad† (19-21). Through effective use of personification we realize that the speaker likes being the thrust of the discussion, even if there is no solution in sight for the Problem. Additionally, the speaker’s persuasive use of imagery is palpable throughout the poem, especially as he describes the guests consuming lobster and fraises du bois [wild French strawberries] at a well-appointed dinner table, saying â€Å"I’m so ashamed of being white† (14). The speaker’s use of imagery here illustrates the stark dichotomy between the two races, and the real priority the Problem is, or is not, within both cultures. The white party goers ask among themselves, The why and wherewithal Of darkness U.S.A.– Wondering how things got this way In current democratic night. (8-11) The speaker allows us to feel the awkward approach of the white guests on the subject of black culture: the uneasy transition, almost tip-toeing around the topic, afraid to say too much. Then he turns around and relieves our anxiety by showing us how the Problem is enjoying being the center of attention, â€Å"At the damask table, mine† (18). The speaker’s narrative on imagery is used effectively by elaborating in great detail on the table coverings [Damask], the haute cuisine they are dining upon, and the specific location of Park Avenue. This is an intentional ploy by the speaker to elicit a clear-cut image of upper class white society where the black Problem should clearly feel out of place; there is only one problem for the Problem: he fits right in! In conclusion, â€Å"Dinner Guest: Me† successfully uses personification and imagery to capture the reader’s imagination as the speaker attends a Park Avenue dinner party in upper class white society; the main topic of discussion for the evening is the issue of the black Problem. Although both groups, black and white, agree that there is a real Problem, no one is prepared for what the speaker reveals at the end of the poem; sitting around a dining room table on Park Avenue, â€Å"Over fraises du bois† (13), the Problem and white society do appear to agree on at least one thing: â€Å"Solutions to the Problem, / Of course, wait† (23). Furthermore, through the speaker’s creative use of personification and imagery the reader can conclude that the Problem and white society are more alike in their outlook on racial equality than either wants to admit. Therefore, the Problem has a problem: neither white party goer nor black Problem sees the need for any r eal urgency to address the issues â€Å"Of darkness U.S.A† (9). Works Cited Hughes, Langston. â€Å"Dinner Guest: Me.† Literature: Reading, Reacting, Writing. 8th ed. Eds. Laurie Kirszner, and Stephen Mandell. Boston: Wadsworth, 2012. 1009. Print.

Partisan polarization in the congress Essay

The statement saying that the Policymaking in Congress has been increasingly plagued by Partisan Polarization is very true. To support this fact we can have a look at the evidences available to us in the form of the chaos and uneven passing of the bills. Actually, each year the Congress is expected to pass nearly 13 bills, which funds the operation of the federal government. It should be written, debated and then be passed in both the houses and get the consent signature of the president. If this does not happens than the government is expected to have shut down. Thus, a regular movement of these bills year after year proves the proper procedures confirmation working in the Congress. Its movement helps in studying the members behavior overtime and how changes in preferences affect the legislative body in the law making process. Partisan Polarization in the Congress: By Partisan we mean a one-sided or biased decision making of some people like the politicians in the interest of their own party without taking into view of the national interest. Polarization is a move that these political parties make from centrist to extreme political positions. The motive behind partisan polarization is not just to keep an issue before the legislature but to gain the faith of a definite section of society so that they cast vote in their favor during the upcoming elections. For instance, A Muslim supporting lobby in the Congress always supports the decision-makings in the favor of most Muslim countries. Like a lobby of Muslims in the Congress always cast their vote in favor of giving Pakistan, huge chunk of financial aid. In the recent days, one more Partisan Polarization has been seen in the President’s comment. Through out the ruling period the President of United States, George Bush, has been supporting India on nuclear issues, but during the end of his reign he came under the pressure of Partisan polarization and announced Indian middle class as the root cause of Inflation in the whole world. His stand was that Indian middle class is getting wealthier day by day, and their number is much more than the whole population of United States. But the fact is that Indians faces more problems regarding malnutrition, millions of people do not even get all three times meal. While the corn used in United States to make petrol can feed a whole family for one year. The percentage of wastage of food and other items is much more as compared to Indians. Thus here temper flares and partisan spirit provokes new hostility among the Indians and the Americans, raising up people who have patience and restraints. Thus these kinds of statement increases partisan polarization in United States. Causes of Partisan Polarization in the United States: A number of causes of partisan polarization have been observed in the United States. Among them the most common are as follows. A. Ethnic or religious violence. That is a not so note worthy issue is highlighted again and again to get the benefit in the upcoming elections. For instance, the scandal of Bill Clinton came before the public during his upcoming election campaign. It shows clearly that the issue of ethics was highlighted with the view to destroy the image of Bill Clinton, aiming him to loose elections. Similarly if a religious attack occur between two sects than the political leaders does not act as negotiators but as the leg puller’s which in turn results in more violence, distrust and spread hatred. B. Counter-violence that may occur in reaction to the ethnic violence or religious violence. In case a sect of society has suffered due to religious violence and the ruling party is still quite than the result in increased anger among the people and the counter violence emerges resulting in chaos in the area. C. Political leaders aiming to win next election make such comments which flair a feeling of unhappiness or may even result in anger between the two parties, countries or two sections of society. The main motive is still to get more votes and not the benefit of any section of society. D. Changes in electoral system, made by the ruling party, also become the cause of partisan polarization. Actually by doing this, an attempt is made to benefit a section of society supporters than the median voter. United States is a country wherein people from around the world come in search of food, job and wealth. Either its Asian or African, Either European or Latin American every country resident wants to come to United States to test his/her fate. Due to this reason the population of the migrants has been increasing in the United States. The result is that these migrants try to make their own lobby in the Congress. Every sect of society tries to preserve its own interest leaving behind the national issues and profit of the nation. And the political leader becomes the puppet in their hands and tries to achieve their macro level goals. Therefore to preserve the interest various group of people a lobby of every country, caste or religion has made its own place in the Congress of the United States. So, whenever a policy making body starts working, each lobby tries to effect the decision making process. The purpose is to mend it as much as it benefits their specific interest. Â  The fact is that due to different parties and their different ideologies, every party wants to impose its own will and shape the upcoming legislative decision as per their own comfort. Ideologies of the political parties leading to partisan polarization: The Ideologies of the major two political parties has also become the root cause of partisan polarization in the United States. The Republicans are always in favor of controlling the international politics through their imperialist thinking. While the other big political party, the Democrats wants to see the whole world changing in to a democratic state. And to achieve their goals both the political parties takes such decision which were not necessarily required but in turn results in a heavy loss of men and money to the country. During the reign of Bill Clinton (Democrat President), a lot of financial aid was given to Asian countries to bring Democracy in their countries. Pakistan military cue, Nepal Maoist movement etc all were discouraged by the president of United States and money was spent in the form of financial aid to force these countries to bring back democracy. On the other side, George Bush (Republican President), made country fought the battle in Afghanistan, Iraq and now playing mind games with Iran. Â  The result was again loss of money and this time loss of men too. Due to this over expenditure on the treasury of United States, the country is facing many financial problems. The stock market has depreciated, Inflation rise up, slow down in the progress of the country has been confirmed. And now the over expenditure has resulted in lesser money available to take the country of this problem. The increasing prices of daily commodities are also adding fuel against the present government. The other problems faced by the country is rising unemployment and depleting standard of living of the common people. All this and more may be expected just because the ideologies of these political parties and politicians do not think for Americans. Effects of Partisan Polarization: The result of partisan polarization is that major decisions for the necessary progress of the country has to face unnecessary delays. The legislative assembly has to face major set backs while framing different policies. The policy makers also faces difficulties in bringing out the legislation as the lobbies in the house effects adversely the movement of the bill, and delay in passing of the specific may prove futile. The 13 appropriations or the spending bills that needs to be passed swiftly, faces difficulty to pass in both the houses, especially the Senate. Not only that there are rumors in the general public regarding bribery taking of the elected members of the legislative for delaying or hindering the progress of certain bills. The politicians are mainly considered responsible by the public for making unnecessary delays in the policy-making framework and slowing down process of passing bills. Some people even think that these delay-making politicians has taken bribes from the enemies of the country so as to slow down the progress of the nation. Thus the loosing faith of the public is another result of Partisan polarization. Wastage of time and money is another result of Partisan Polarization. The limited time of session of Congress gets wasted due to unnecessary delays. And finally the president gets the power to sign the bill without proper discussion in both the houses. Not only that, a lot of money also gets wasted due to unnecessary delays in the decision making process. Solutions to end Partisan polarization: To end the Partisan Polarization, the Brookings Institution along with the Hoover Institution will host a discussion on partisan polarization in the United States and its effect on foreign policy on 30th November 2008. This way this institution will try to figure out the root causes and the possible solutions to this problem. The politician’s mistakes will be highlighted and kept before the Congress and solutions will be discussed. The solution to this problem is through arising of the feeling among the countrymen regarding country’s first and people later type of feeling in the politicians. Politicians must understand that the interest of the nation is much, much more important that there personal interest. And if by any way their interest has to face some drawbacks than in that case making lobbies and bringing obstacles in the way of passing a specific bill may prove to be anti-national step. So if you have to give up something for your beloved country than kindly don’t hesitate and take time in doing so as you owe a lot the country. Congress has also resorted to new measures to ensure the passage of bills to be easier and faster. Firstly it has packaged the bill in the form of Omnibus, so as to broaden their base of support and easier movement in both the houses. Secondly, the number of earmarks has also been increased, so as to provide an additional support for the safe and quick passage of the bill. Normally this Omnibus bill is not meant towards the majority party preference than other spending bills in the past. Reason being the final product needs to be negotiated with president and needs the prior approval of the president. But in case of Unified government, Omnibus bills actually do provide opportunity for Partisan polarization for the majority party that can enact its own preference in the lawmaking process. The politicians responsible for making unnecessary delays should not be allowed to sit and vote in the Congress meeting. He/she should be asked to get re-elected and prove his/her true position at that point of time. Also a lesson regarding a responsibility towards the country and the countrymen should be given to all the politicians. Making Pamphlets, social meetings and other methods can do this. By improving the policy makers we can expect the bills to be passed easier and the country in the direction of progress. Also through legislation, a bill should be passed to avoid any unnecessary delays in the bills of national importance. Any politician trying to bring undue hindrance in the way of such important bill should not get the right to vote for that certain bill. Conclusion: There is certainly no point in loosing time and money due to partisan polarization. The progress of country should be considered more important than a person’s own interest. Moreover the politicians of today should realize their mistakes and that they should not forget their responsibility towards the country and the countrymen in wake of earning more and more money. Number of solutions are tried to make an attempt to the problem of partisan polarization but until whole nation unites and speaks against it collectively there won’t be any benefit coming out of it.

Free Essays on Short Story Explication

Rosa: The Portrait of a Jew in Ozick’s â€Å"The Shawl† Countless stories have been written on the trials and tribulations of what the Jewish people went through while being forced into the concentration camps. The pictures brought to mind are nearly starved and hopeless people lined up for roll call, beaten or even killed on any guard’s slightest whim. Ozick certainly brings to life the hardships and heartbreak that one family faces while walking to and living in the Nazi concentration camp. Rosa, the desperate mother of two in Ozick’s â€Å"The Shawl,† is a classic example of a person who has realized that all hope is lost. Rosa is walking to the concentration camp with Stella and has the infant Magda hidden away â€Å"[...]between sore breasts† (Ozick 675). She is aware of what the guards would do to the child if they ever find out that Rosa has her. Rosa with her â€Å"[...]bleak complexion, dark like cholera[...]† sneaks glances at baby Magda, who has â€Å"[...]eyes blue as air, smooth feathers of hair nearly as yellow as the Star sewn into Rosa’s coat† (676). She dreams of giving Magda away, but she knows that if she left the line long enough to push Magda into a spectator’s arms, the guards will shoot her. Also, she worries that perhaps the person will not accept Magda. â€Å"She might be surprised or afraid; she might drop the shawl, and Magda would fall out and strike her head and die† (676). With these two thoughts holding her back, Rosa walks on hiding baby Magda from the world, knowing that she will be hiding the child for the rest of her lif e. By the time that Magda turns fifteen months old, she has learned to walk, just not very well. Her belly â€Å"[...]was fat with air, full and round† (677). Rosa looks at Stella and realizes exactly how unfeeling and bitter she has become. They were in a place without pity, all pity was annihilated in Rosa, she looked at Stella’s bones without pity. Sh... Free Essays on Short Story Explication Free Essays on Short Story Explication Rosa: The Portrait of a Jew in Ozick’s â€Å"The Shawl† Countless stories have been written on the trials and tribulations of what the Jewish people went through while being forced into the concentration camps. The pictures brought to mind are nearly starved and hopeless people lined up for roll call, beaten or even killed on any guard’s slightest whim. Ozick certainly brings to life the hardships and heartbreak that one family faces while walking to and living in the Nazi concentration camp. Rosa, the desperate mother of two in Ozick’s â€Å"The Shawl,† is a classic example of a person who has realized that all hope is lost. Rosa is walking to the concentration camp with Stella and has the infant Magda hidden away â€Å"[...]between sore breasts† (Ozick 675). She is aware of what the guards would do to the child if they ever find out that Rosa has her. Rosa with her â€Å"[...]bleak complexion, dark like cholera[...]† sneaks glances at baby Magda, who has â€Å"[...]eyes blue as air, smooth feathers of hair nearly as yellow as the Star sewn into Rosa’s coat† (676). She dreams of giving Magda away, but she knows that if she left the line long enough to push Magda into a spectator’s arms, the guards will shoot her. Also, she worries that perhaps the person will not accept Magda. â€Å"She might be surprised or afraid; she might drop the shawl, and Magda would fall out and strike her head and die† (676). With these two thoughts holding her back, Rosa walks on hiding baby Magda from the world, knowing that she will be hiding the child for the rest of her lif e. By the time that Magda turns fifteen months old, she has learned to walk, just not very well. Her belly â€Å"[...]was fat with air, full and round† (677). Rosa looks at Stella and realizes exactly how unfeeling and bitter she has become. They were in a place without pity, all pity was annihilated in Rosa, she looked at Stella’s bones without pity. Sh...

How to Register for AP Tests and Classes

How to Register for AP Tests and Classes SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Wondering how to register for AP classes and tests? Get a complete guide to AP registration here – even if you’re homeschooled or your local school doesn’t have the AP program. How to Register for AP Classes The AP Registration process varies from school to school. Typically, you go through the regular class sign-up process to take APs, as long as you have taken the necessary pre-requisite classes. For example, many schools require students to take an introductory biology course before they can enroll in AP Biology. Your school's course catalog should list the necessary pre-requisites for each AP class. In some schools, you have to pass a placement test to register for an AP class. For example, my school required students to test into AP Calculus BC as well as AP Calculus AB – even if they had taken math up through Pre-Calculus. Based on your test score, you were placed into either Calculus BC, Calculus AB, or regular (non-AP) Calculus. We recommend asking one of your current teachers or the guidance counseling office about how to sign up for AP Classes at your school. They can let you know if there are any specific protocols outside of your school’s typical registration process, like placement tests or class size limits. If you attend a school without AP classes or you're homeschooled, you don't have to officially register for an AP class. You just need to register for the AP Exam later in the year (more on that below). It's up to you to either take a class that teaches most of the same material (e.g., taking a United States History course if you want to take the AP United States History exam) or to self-study during the year. How to Register for AP Tests If You Attend a School with AP Classes If you’re taking AP classes, your AP teacher typically alerts you to your school’s AP test sign-up process. They should inform you of the deadlines to register for the test. Some even walk you through the registration process! If you haven’t heard anything from your AP teacher yet or are just curious about your school's AP test sign-up protocol, track down your school’s AP Coordinator to find out the dates and deadlines at your school. AP Coordinator? Who's that? Each school that offers AP classes has a staff member (often a guidance counselor) who is given this title. It’s officially their job to handle AP test registration and coordinate with the College Board. If you don’t know who this person is, either check in with your guidance counselor or one of your AP teachers, they should know. Keep in mind you have to register for AP exams through your school, there is no way to register online. (Some students get confused because other College Board tests, like the SAT and SAT Subject tests, have online registration.) As part of your registration, you’ll turn in the $92 exam fee to the AP coordinator. And that price is per exam, by the way. (See ourpost on AP Exam costs to learn about getting financial aid for AP tests!) If You're Homeschooled or Your School Doesn't Have AP Classes If you’re homeschooled, or you attend a school without the AP program and are self-studying, you can still arrange to take AP Exams at a nearby participating AP school. To do this, you’ll contact the AP program itself. Contact AP Services no later than March 1st of the year you want to test, and they’ll give you the names of local, participating AP schools willing to test outside students, as well as the phone number of the AP coordinator at that school. This is the contact information for AP Services. Remember, you have to contact them to get the contact info of a local school that will give you the AP exams: Phone: 888-225-5427 International callers: 212-632-1780 Fax: 610-290-8979 Email:apstudents@info.collegeboard.org Prepare a list of the AP Exams you are interested in taking before you call – this will help College Board find a school you can test at. Once you get their info from AP Services, call the AP Coordinators at the local school no later than March 15th to set up your testing. When calling Coordinators to arrange testing, make sure to tell them the following: That you got their contact information from College Board. That you are trying to find a school that will give AP exams to homeschooled students or students from schools that do not offer AP Exams. The AP exams you want to take. If you have a documented disability that requires accommodations. Once you locate a school that will host you, that school's AP Coordinator is responsible for ordering your exam materials, telling you when and where to report for the exams, and collecting your fees (which may be higher than the typical $92 to cover the school’s additional proctoring or administration costs). One last thing: your host school must administer the exams for you. The school cannot forward the AP exams to you or your school. That means on exam days, you'll have to travel to your host school (and be absent from your regular classes). Some Additional Guidelines for Signing Up Signing up for AP classes and tests is usually straightforward. Plus, there aren't restrictions on how many classes you can take each year (unless your school has its own rules). You can take as many AP Exams as can fit into your schedule. The AP Program doesn’t even require you to take an AP class before taking an AP Exam. The only restriction on registration from College Board is that you can’t take both Calculus AB and Calculus BC within the same year. This is because Calculus BC includes all of the material in Calculus AB – you even get an AB Subscore when you take Calculus BC! AP Calculus BC is essentially two math classes in one! If two of the exams you want to take are scheduled for the same time, ask your school’s AP Coordinator for information about taking one of the exams during the late-testing period. The late-testing period occurs in late May, to accommodate tests that overlap or students that run into last-minute problems like an injury. In general, popular AP exams don’t tend to overlap, so you’re more likely to run into this problem if you’re taking a more niche exam like Art History or Japanese. On Exam Day Keep these guidelines in mind to make sure you are ready to test in May once you’re registered! You have to bring a valid government- or school-issued photo ID with you to the exam. Even though the test is administered by your school, and all your teachers know you, you have to follow this rule. You’ll be turned away without your ID, so don’t forget it! If you have approval from the College Board to test with accommodations, you have to bring your Student Accommodation Letter. If you attend a school that doesn’t offer AP, you should not use the school code for the school where you are testing. Instead, make sure to use your own school’s code so your exam score(s) will be reported to your school. This means you need to get your school’s six-digit code from your principal or school counselor before exam day. If you are home-schooled, use the state or international home-school/self-study code that will be given to you on the day of the exam. What’s Next? Which AP exams should you take? Learn about the hardest and easiest tests, as well as exactly how many AP classes you should take. Also taking the SAT? Learn how to register for the SAT, when you should take the test for the first time, and get a complete study guide. Going for the ACT instead? We have exclusive guides to studying for ACT Science, Reading, and English. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

American women's history Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

American women's history - Essay Example Moral control, high wages and more interesting lifestyle than that of the farms attracted them. However, the factory environment had harsh working conditions, which put their lives at great risk. They also worked for long hours. Later, the great depression that took place between 1929 and 1939 led to the lowering of the women’s wages, which made them to boycott the factories. They eventually managed to obtain reasonable wages thus maintaining their jobs. However, the poor working conditions persisted and they felt insecure because there were other women who strived for the same job and were even willing to receive lower wages. Among these women, there were two types of feminism. First type of feminism consisted of women who greatly cared about the handicaps and wrongs under which women suffered and who admitted the equal significance of other social injustices. They recognized the interrelationship between women question with other great questions. Anderson says that this was a perfectly good kind of feminism. The second type of feminism put the woman question first and above all other issues. To them, what was done with womens problems solely determined the solution of all others. This group insisted upon the rights of a woman no matter what happened to other rights. The groups were similar in that they felt societys discrimination upon women both in the past and presently. However, they differed in their attitude toward the society that is, in their sense of proportion. There was also the more practical woman who was more moderate, saw and worked with facts. Lastly, there were the theorists who had a single abstract principle in mind, ignored facts persistently, and clung to abstractions devotedly. Feminists objected the labor laws as in as far as jobs were concerned; they put women on a different legal basis from men. They therefore fought for industrial equality. Labor laws limited

London Olympics 2012 - China Diving Team Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

London Olympics 2012 - China Diving Team - Essay Example It is worth mentioning that London was the first country to have hosted the modern Olympic Games event three times having previously done in 1908 and 1948. With the growing competition amid different nations at the global level, strategies are also being made to excel in field of education and sports. China as a leading global sporting nation is considered to be the most populated country, which has over the past two decades established a successful niche for itself in the Games. The subsequent results that are evidently showing in Olympic Games from Chinese participants especially diving team has been propagated by significant contributions from the government which is taking adequate steps to develop and convert the inherent skills of the sports persons to successful results and medals through a precise focus on team development. In this regard, it is observed that ‘Team Success/Failure Model’ is a crucial determinant and continuum to ascertain to inherent perspectives related to a team’s strengths and team members characteristics. The China diving team has been able to create history in the Olympic Games in the year 2012. The diving competitions in the Olympic Games (London) took place at the Aquatics Centre. It was one of the most attractive aquatic sports that took place at the games. Apart from diving, China also took part in other aquatic sports that comprised synchronized swimming, water polo and swimming. However, the China diving team was able to become the most successful country that topped the medal table with six gold, one bronze and three silver in total (BBC, â€Å"Medals in Diving†). THESIS STATEMENT The main objective of this study is to analyze the different facets associated with Chinese Olympic diving team which participated in 2012 summer Olympic Games with a special focus on synchronized diving. The study will be evaluated based on ‘Team Success/Failure Model’, which will enable to determine the key constituents of success achieved by the Chinese diving team. TEAM GOAL OR TASK Diving is considered to be a sport that primarily involves leaping or dropping into water from a raised area or launch pad on occasion while executing acrobatics. Diving is an internationally recognized sport since it acceptance in the Olympic Games in 2000. Although it is viewed that countries such as the United States ruled worldwide competitive diving events in the twentieth century however the sport is being accepted by many countries after it gained international recognition from IOC in the year 2000. China is observed to be one of the leading sporting nations, which has excelled in the sport of diving. The sport was accepted by the people when it was transfigured by national coach Liang Boxi (International Olympic Committee 1-9). Other noted counties that are adapting significant amount of strategies to uplift the sport include Russia, Great Britain, Italy and Australia among others. China is consi dered to be among the most revered participating nations in diving in the Olympic Games since the early 1980s. China won its first Olympic medal in diving in the 1984 Los Angeles Games. Again, in the year 1988, the nation gained two out of four gold medals in the diving category in Seoul which continued to grow as it was able to gain five gold medals from Sydney and six in Athens. Chinese divers quickly became accustomed to victory having